(Tokyo, Japan), is currently marketed since 2018 only in Japan. Pemafibrate, a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) modulator (SPPARMα) developed by Kowa Co. Treatment outcomes have been suboptimal in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, and data on treatment options are limited. Currently available fibrates such as gemfibrozil, fenofibrate, and bezafibrate were shown to be ineffective for severe hypertriglyceridemic patients with LPL deficiency whose clearance of chylomicrons from the plasma is markedly impaired. FCS is often underdiagnosed and unmanaged. Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) is caused by mutations in the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and related molecules. In these patients, rare dyslipidemic disorders are occasionally included. Clinical trials of fibrates have demonstrated some efficacy in patients with TG levels 3,000 mg/dL (33.9 mmol/L). Available treatments, including fibrates, niacin, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, have only been partly successful. The lowering of serum TGs to a reasonable level is crucial for preventing acute pancreatitis in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. Treatment of patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, in whom serum triglycerides (TGs) are > 1,000 mg/dL (11.3 mmol/L), is currently extremely challenging.
Pemafibrate demonstrated potential efficacy and safety for severe hypertriglyceridemia which may contribute to the prevention of acute pancreatitis, in a manner that can be easily prescribed and used as an oral tablet. All patients showed no serious adverse events. After pemafibrate administration, TG decreased to 200 mg/dL (2.3 mmol/L). Even after glycemic control improved, TG remained high. Patient 3 with type 2 diabetes and 12.1% (109 mmol/mol) hemoglobin A1c had a TG level of 2,300 mg/dL (26.0 mmol/L). Three patients with fasting serum triglyceride (TG) levels above 1,000 mg/dL (11.3 mmol/L) were treated with pemafibrate (0.2–0.4 mg/day, 0.1–0.2 mg BID). We herein report the first three patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia who were successfully treated with pemafibrate. Pemafibrate is a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α modulator (SPPARMα) which has been developed as an affordable oral tablet in Japan. Second, from the whole data analysis the researcher found 4 types of translation methods or procedures used in the passive translation, namely literal translation, transposition, modulation, and adaptation.Currently available treatments have only been partly successful in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, including those with high serum triglycerides above 1,000 mg/dL (11.3 mmol/L), who often suffer from acute pancreatitis. This clearly reveals that some passives in SL are retained, namely translated into passive in English and some others are translated into actives. The results of the study show that among the passive in Indonesian which can be identified in SL, most are marked by prefix di- (prefix di- + verb base) and (prefix di-+ verb base + suffix –kan, -i) which are also translated into passive in English (be+past participle ) with four types namely to infinitive translation, by agent translation (stated and implied) and the rest translated into active.
The steps and procedures of discovering the answer to the both of research problems are shown under the discussion of research method which includes: (1) the data source, (2) method and technique of collecting the data consisting of observation method and note-taking technique (3) method and technique of analyzing the data.
The research problems are the first what are the corresponding equivalents of Indonesian passive in English as used in the Novel 9 Summers 10 Autumns and its translation, the second what is the translation method or procedure that used in the process of passive voice translation. The data are 67 passive construction in Indonesian and English as used in the novel “9 Summers 10 Autumns (Dari Kota Apel ke The Big Apple)” and translated into “9 Summers 10 Autumns (From the City of Apples to the Big Apple). The study is conducted based on qualitative research design with descriptive analysis.
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